The global food crisis: ABCD of food – how the multinationals dominate trade
•Wherever you live, you can't avoid the four global giants
無論你在哪裡生活，你無法避免全球四大巨頭
source: guardian.co.uk
Posted by Felicity Lawrence Thursday 2 June 2011 15.38 BST
Wheat stands in a field in Brazil waiting to be harvested. The ABCD group of ADM, Bunge, Cargill and (Louis) Dreyfus, account for between 75% and 90% of the global grain trade.
在巴西，小麥挺在農田等待採收。ABCD集團指的是美國阿徹丹尼爾斯米德蘭公司，邦吉，嘉吉和（路易）達孚，佔全球糧食貿易 75％至90％。
Photograph: Adriano Machado/Bloomberg via Getty Images
攝影：阿德里亞諾馬查多/彭博通過格蒂圖像
By mid-morning snack you will certainly have encountered their products several times already wherever you are in the world, whether it is the corn in your flakes, the wheat in your bread, the orange in your juice, the sugar in your jam, the chocolate on your biscuit,the coffee in your cup. By the end of the day, if you've eaten beef, chicken or pork, consumed anything containing salt, gums, starches,gluten,sweeteners, or fats, or bought a ready meal or a takeaway, they will have shaped your consumption even further.
無論你在世界哪裡，在早午餐的點心中你一定會遇到他們的產品數次，不管那是你玉米片裡的玉米，麵包中的小麥，果汁裡的柳橙，果醬裡的糖，鬆餅裡的巧克力，你的杯子裏的咖啡。一天結束之際，如果你吃了牛肉，雞肉或豬肉，也將會消耗任何包含鹽，口香糖，澱粉，麵筋，甜味劑，或脂肪，或買一個現成的餐點或外賣，他們甚會行塑你進一步的消費。
And yet, the four giant transnationals that dominate the raw materials of the global food system have largely stayed below the radar of European consumers. Known as the ABCD group for the alphabetic convenience of their initials , ADM, Bunge, Cargill and (Louis) Dreyfus, account for between 75% and 90% of the global grain trade, according to estimates. Figures cannot be given with confidence, however, because two of the companies are privately owned and do not give out market shares.
然而，這四個巨型跨國公司主宰全球糧食系統的原料基本上一直未讓歐洲消費者警覺。被稱為ABCD集團是以它們的縮寫字母方便辨識。AMD，邦吉，嘉吉和 路易達孚，據估計佔全球糧食貿易的75％至90％。根據數字並不足以採信，因為其中兩個公司是私人擁有，並不在公開市場發佈訊息。
This extraordinary concentration of power and money in the global food trade has been identified by Oxfam in a new report this week as one of the structural flaws of the system. At each stage a handful of players dominate, not just in primary agriculture but in food manufacturing and retailing. The result, according to Oxfam, is that "they extract much of the value along the chain, while costs and risks cascade down on to the weakest participants, generally the farmers and labourers at the bottom".
由樂施會在本週一份最新報告中已確定這個全球糧食貿易非同尋常的權力和金錢作為一結構性缺陷的制度。在每個階段少數的球員佔主導地位，不僅在農業，也在主要食品生產和零售。結果，根據樂施會是，“他們沿著鏈結提取很多價值，同時將成本和風險轉到最弱的參與者，即在底部的一般農民和工人”。
Oxfam is the latest in a long line of critics to highlight this corporate concentration as a root cause of hunger and poverty. The ABCD group have said they welcome informed debate but that, as far as they are concerned, their operations are the vital waters that keep food and its finance flowing from those who can grow it to those who need to consume it. Scale enables them to be highly efficient. The grain trade is capital intensive; they invest heavily in storage facilities and port and transport infrastructure.
樂施會最新的報告一長串的批評在突顯這企業集中營式作為是飢餓和貧困的始作俑者。ABCD集團表示，他們歡迎有識見的辯論，但指出，就他們而言所關心的，他們的運作是維持生命至關重要的水域以保持食品供給及其財務流動來自那些能幫助增長那些需要消費的人。規模使他們能夠提高效率。糧食行業是資本密集型的，他們大量投資於港口及倉儲設施和運輸基礎設施。
US-based Cargill with the highest revenues, is the largest private company in the world – and famous for its secrecy. Its headquarters is a mock-Tudor meets mock-French chateau in Minnetonka in the US mid-west, where the company was founded by a family of grain traders in 1865. Today, it is still majority-owned by descendents of the family. Its main commodity trading operation is run out of the tax haven of Switzerland. Its sales were $108bn in 2010, and $115bn in 2009, and its net earnings were nearly $6bn for those two years.
全球最大的私營公司，總部設在美國擁有最高收益的嘉吉公司- 有聞名遐邇的保密性。它的總部位在美國中西部是一座模擬都鐸王朝暨法國城堡中的迷你唐卡，最初的公司是在1865年由一個家庭的穀物交易商成立。今天，它仍是多數後裔家庭所擁有。其主要業務在瑞士避稅天堂交易商品。它的銷售額在2010年為 108bn和2009年的$ 115bn，這兩年其淨利近60億美元。
As well as being a leading player in the trading, processing and transporting of the most important agricultural commodities, fertiliser and meats, it is one of the world largest hedge funds. When Gordon Brown, as prime minister, called a summit in London on the 2008 food crisis, Cargill was invited. When Walker crisps had an image problem with the saturated fats in its crisps, Cargill came to the rescue, having a large acreage of land in eastern Europe planted with a new variety of "Sunseed".
不但在貿易上作為一個領導者，加工和運輸最重要的農產品，化肥和肉類，它並且是世界上最大的避險基金之ㄧ。當英國首相布朗，在2008年糧食危機召開倫敦會議時，嘉吉公司已被邀請。當英國沃克薯片遭遇飽和脂肪的形象問題，嘉吉公司前來救援，在東歐的一個大面積的土地種植新品種“Sunseed”。
It produces about half of all McDonald's chicken products across Europe. It sells fats to Unilever. When the US needed to appoint someone to lead the reconstruction of agriculture in Iraq, it turned to former Cargill executive Dan Amstutz. In China, where it has a joint venture with Monsanto, to whom it sold its enormous seeds interests a decade ago, it has trained over 2 million farmers in the American way of agriculture.
它橫越歐洲生產麥當勞約一半的雞肉產品。它販售脂肪給聯合利華。當美國需要任命某人來領導重建在伊拉克的農業，則換嘉吉執行長丹阿姆斯塔茨。在中國，它有一個合資企業，孟山都，十年前即銷售了巨大的種子獲益，它已經用美國農業的方式培訓了200多萬農民。
Over that same decade, Cargill, ADM and Bunge are thought to have acquired about 80% of China's soya processing capacity. More recently, Cargill has been moving up the food chain into high-value, hi-tech additives and what it calls food solutions for the manufacturing industry.
在同樣的十年裡，嘉吉，ADM和邦吉被認為已獲得約 80％的中國的大豆加工生產力。最近，嘉吉公司已將其食物鏈向上移動到高價值，高科技添加劑，即食品製造業所謂的解決方案。
Louis Dreyfus, established in 1851, is also private and still family owned, headquartered in Paris but again trading largely out of Switzerland. It gives no figures and never comments to the media, but its estimated revenues in 2009 were £34bn. It has enormous grain, sugar and energy trading interests around the world, although in recent years it has concentrated on financial aspects of commodity trading.
成立於 1851年的路易達孚，現仍然是私人和家庭擁有，總部設在巴黎，但大量的貿易是在瑞士交易。它沒有提供數字，從來沒有向媒體評論，但其在2009年的估計收入340億英鎊。儘管近年來已集中在金融方面的商品交易，它大量的糧食，糖和能源貿易利益仍遍布全球。
Bunge, which expanded through the late 19th century as a grain trader in South America, is now incorporated in the tax haven of Bermuda but its headquarters are in the US. Its net revenues in 2010 were $47bn, and net earnings were $2.3bn. It is a leading processor of oilseeds, and producer and trader of grains, sugar and bioenergy. It is also a key player in the global fertiliser market.
邦吉，從19世紀末在南美洲從糧食貿易商開始擴展，目前已在稅務天堂百慕達整合，但總部設在美國。在2010年的淨營業收入為 470億美元，淨盈餘為 23億美元。這是一個在油籽處理器，穀物生產商和貿易商，糖和生物能源居領先位置。也是在全球化肥市場的一個關鍵球員。
ADM, or Archer Daniels Midland, is incorporated in the US tax-haven state of Delaware and headquartered in Illinois. Its revenues in 2010 were $62bn and its earnings were $1.9bn.
AMD，或稱阿徹丹尼爾斯米德蘭，在美國的稅務避風港特拉華州組織公司，總部設在伊利諾伊州。在2010年其收入分別為 620億和19億美元的收益。
ADM's origins go back to a US seed crushing business begun in 1902. Today, it has vast interests in trading, processing and transporting soya and other oilseeds, and corn, wheat cocoa and other agricultural commodities. It is a leading manufacturer of oils, corn sweeteners, flour, biofuels, food additives from gums to gluten, soya isolates and animal feed ingredients.
ADM的起源可以追溯到 1902年在美國以種子輾碎的業務開始。今天，它在貿易，加工，運輸大豆和其他油籽，玉米，小麥和可可等農產品等等擁有豐富的利益。這一家在油品，玉米甜味劑，麵粉，生物燃料，食品添加劑，從牙齦麵筋，大豆分離株和動物飼料原料等為領先的製造商。
To add to the concentration, Cargill, ADM, and Bunge have strategic alliances and joint ventures with the seed and agrochemical companies that dominate the agricultural inputs part of the global food system. In seeds four firms, Monsanto (incorporated in Delaware, HQ in Missouri), Dupont (incorporated and HQ in Delaware), Syngenta (incorporated and HQ in Switzerland) and Limagrain, a French-based international co-operative, account for over 50% of global seed sales.
為了更集中，嘉吉，ADM，邦吉在種子和農藥公司已戰略聯盟和合資企業，主導全球糧食系統農業投入的部分，。四家公司，孟山都（在美國特拉華州註冊成立，總部設在密蘇里州），杜邦（註冊及總部設在特拉華州），先正達（註冊成立，總部設在瑞士），利馬格蘭，法國的國際合作，在種子方面佔全球種子銷售 50％以上。
In agrochemicals six firms, DuPont, Monsanto, Syngenta, Dow (incorporated in Delaware, HQ in Michigan), and the two German chemical giants Bayer and BASF, control 75% of the market.
農用化學品六家公司，杜邦，孟山都，先正達，陶氏（在美國特拉華州註冊成立，總部設在密西根州），和兩個德國化工巨頭拜耳和巴斯夫公司，控制75％市場額。
參考資訊:
CME Group
芝加哥期貨交易所
•Wherever you live, you can't avoid the four global giants
無論你在哪裡生活，你無法避免全球四大巨頭
source: guardian.co.uk
Posted by Felicity Lawrence Thursday 2 June 2011 15.38 BST
Wheat stands in a field in Brazil waiting to be harvested. The ABCD group of ADM, Bunge, Cargill and (Louis) Dreyfus, account for between 75% and 90% of the global grain trade.
在巴西，小麥挺在農田等待採收。ABCD集團指的是美國阿徹丹尼爾斯米德蘭公司，邦吉，嘉吉和（路易）達孚，佔全球糧食貿易 75％至90％。
Photograph: Adriano Machado/Bloomberg via Getty Images
攝影：阿德里亞諾馬查多/彭博通過格蒂圖像
By mid-morning snack you will certainly have encountered their products several times already wherever you are in the world, whether it is the corn in your flakes, the wheat in your bread, the orange in your juice, the sugar in your jam, the chocolate on your biscuit,the coffee in your cup. By the end of the day, if you've eaten beef, chicken or pork, consumed anything containing salt, gums, starches,gluten,sweeteners, or fats, or bought a ready meal or a takeaway, they will have shaped your consumption even further.
無論你在世界哪裡，在早午餐的點心中你一定會遇到他們的產品數次，不管那是你玉米片裡的玉米，麵包中的小麥，果汁裡的柳橙，果醬裡的糖，鬆餅裡的巧克力，你的杯子裏的咖啡。一天結束之際，如果你吃了牛肉，雞肉或豬肉，也將會消耗任何包含鹽，口香糖，澱粉，麵筋，甜味劑，或脂肪，或買一個現成的餐點或外賣，他們甚會行塑你進一步的消費。
And yet, the four giant transnationals that dominate the raw materials of the global food system have largely stayed below the radar of European consumers. Known as the ABCD group for the alphabetic convenience of their initials , ADM, Bunge, Cargill and (Louis) Dreyfus, account for between 75% and 90% of the global grain trade, according to estimates. Figures cannot be given with confidence, however, because two of the companies are privately owned and do not give out market shares.
然而，這四個巨型跨國公司主宰全球糧食系統的原料基本上一直未讓歐洲消費者警覺。被稱為ABCD集團是以它們的縮寫字母方便辨識。AMD，邦吉，嘉吉和 路易達孚，據估計佔全球糧食貿易的75％至90％。根據數字並不足以採信，因為其中兩個公司是私人擁有，並不在公開市場發佈訊息。
This extraordinary concentration of power and money in the global food trade has been identified by Oxfam in a new report this week as one of the structural flaws of the system. At each stage a handful of players dominate, not just in primary agriculture but in food manufacturing and retailing. The result, according to Oxfam, is that "they extract much of the value along the chain, while costs and risks cascade down on to the weakest participants, generally the farmers and labourers at the bottom".
由樂施會在本週一份最新報告中已確定這個全球糧食貿易非同尋常的權力和金錢作為一結構性缺陷的制度。在每個階段少數的球員佔主導地位，不僅在農業，也在主要食品生產和零售。結果，根據樂施會是，“他們沿著鏈結提取很多價值，同時將成本和風險轉到最弱的參與者，即在底部的一般農民和工人”。
Oxfam is the latest in a long line of critics to highlight this corporate concentration as a root cause of hunger and poverty. The ABCD group have said they welcome informed debate but that, as far as they are concerned, their operations are the vital waters that keep food and its finance flowing from those who can grow it to those who need to consume it. Scale enables them to be highly efficient. The grain trade is capital intensive; they invest heavily in storage facilities and port and transport infrastructure.
樂施會最新的報告一長串的批評在突顯這企業集中營式作為是飢餓和貧困的始作俑者。ABCD集團表示，他們歡迎有識見的辯論，但指出，就他們而言所關心的，他們的運作是維持生命至關重要的水域以保持食品供給及其財務流動來自那些能幫助增長那些需要消費的人。規模使他們能夠提高效率。糧食行業是資本密集型的，他們大量投資於港口及倉儲設施和運輸基礎設施。
US-based Cargill with the highest revenues, is the largest private company in the world – and famous for its secrecy. Its headquarters is a mock-Tudor meets mock-French chateau in Minnetonka in the US mid-west, where the company was founded by a family of grain traders in 1865. Today, it is still majority-owned by descendents of the family. Its main commodity trading operation is run out of the tax haven of Switzerland. Its sales were $108bn in 2010, and $115bn in 2009, and its net earnings were nearly $6bn for those two years.
全球最大的私營公司，總部設在美國擁有最高收益的嘉吉公司- 有聞名遐邇的保密性。它的總部位在美國中西部是一座模擬都鐸王朝暨法國城堡中的迷你唐卡，最初的公司是在1865年由一個家庭的穀物交易商成立。今天，它仍是多數後裔家庭所擁有。其主要業務在瑞士避稅天堂交易商品。它的銷售額在2010年為 108bn和2009年的$ 115bn，這兩年其淨利近60億美元。
As well as being a leading player in the trading, processing and transporting of the most important agricultural commodities, fertiliser and meats, it is one of the world largest hedge funds. When Gordon Brown, as prime minister, called a summit in London on the 2008 food crisis, Cargill was invited. When Walker crisps had an image problem with the saturated fats in its crisps, Cargill came to the rescue, having a large acreage of land in eastern Europe planted with a new variety of "Sunseed".
不但在貿易上作為一個領導者，加工和運輸最重要的農產品，化肥和肉類，它並且是世界上最大的避險基金之ㄧ。當英國首相布朗，在2008年糧食危機召開倫敦會議時，嘉吉公司已被邀請。當英國沃克薯片遭遇飽和脂肪的形象問題，嘉吉公司前來救援，在東歐的一個大面積的土地種植新品種“Sunseed”。
It produces about half of all McDonald's chicken products across Europe. It sells fats to Unilever. When the US needed to appoint someone to lead the reconstruction of agriculture in Iraq, it turned to former Cargill executive Dan Amstutz. In China, where it has a joint venture with Monsanto, to whom it sold its enormous seeds interests a decade ago, it has trained over 2 million farmers in the American way of agriculture.
它橫越歐洲生產麥當勞約一半的雞肉產品。它販售脂肪給聯合利華。當美國需要任命某人來領導重建在伊拉克的農業，則換嘉吉執行長丹阿姆斯塔茨。在中國，它有一個合資企業，孟山都，十年前即銷售了巨大的種子獲益，它已經用美國農業的方式培訓了200多萬農民。
Over that same decade, Cargill, ADM and Bunge are thought to have acquired about 80% of China's soya processing capacity. More recently, Cargill has been moving up the food chain into high-value, hi-tech additives and what it calls food solutions for the manufacturing industry.
在同樣的十年裡，嘉吉，ADM和邦吉被認為已獲得約 80％的中國的大豆加工生產力。最近，嘉吉公司已將其食物鏈向上移動到高價值，高科技添加劑，即食品製造業所謂的解決方案。
Louis Dreyfus, established in 1851, is also private and still family owned, headquartered in Paris but again trading largely out of Switzerland. It gives no figures and never comments to the media, but its estimated revenues in 2009 were £34bn. It has enormous grain, sugar and energy trading interests around the world, although in recent years it has concentrated on financial aspects of commodity trading.
成立於 1851年的路易達孚，現仍然是私人和家庭擁有，總部設在巴黎，但大量的貿易是在瑞士交易。它沒有提供數字，從來沒有向媒體評論，但其在2009年的估計收入340億英鎊。儘管近年來已集中在金融方面的商品交易，它大量的糧食，糖和能源貿易利益仍遍布全球。
Bunge, which expanded through the late 19th century as a grain trader in South America, is now incorporated in the tax haven of Bermuda but its headquarters are in the US. Its net revenues in 2010 were $47bn, and net earnings were $2.3bn. It is a leading processor of oilseeds, and producer and trader of grains, sugar and bioenergy. It is also a key player in the global fertiliser market.
邦吉，從19世紀末在南美洲從糧食貿易商開始擴展，目前已在稅務天堂百慕達整合，但總部設在美國。在2010年的淨營業收入為 470億美元，淨盈餘為 23億美元。這是一個在油籽處理器，穀物生產商和貿易商，糖和生物能源居領先位置。也是在全球化肥市場的一個關鍵球員。
ADM, or Archer Daniels Midland, is incorporated in the US tax-haven state of Delaware and headquartered in Illinois. Its revenues in 2010 were $62bn and its earnings were $1.9bn.
AMD，或稱阿徹丹尼爾斯米德蘭，在美國的稅務避風港特拉華州組織公司，總部設在伊利諾伊州。在2010年其收入分別為 620億和19億美元的收益。
ADM's origins go back to a US seed crushing business begun in 1902. Today, it has vast interests in trading, processing and transporting soya and other oilseeds, and corn, wheat cocoa and other agricultural commodities. It is a leading manufacturer of oils, corn sweeteners, flour, biofuels, food additives from gums to gluten, soya isolates and animal feed ingredients.
ADM的起源可以追溯到 1902年在美國以種子輾碎的業務開始。今天，它在貿易，加工，運輸大豆和其他油籽，玉米，小麥和可可等農產品等等擁有豐富的利益。這一家在油品，玉米甜味劑，麵粉，生物燃料，食品添加劑，從牙齦麵筋，大豆分離株和動物飼料原料等為領先的製造商。
To add to the concentration, Cargill, ADM, and Bunge have strategic alliances and joint ventures with the seed and agrochemical companies that dominate the agricultural inputs part of the global food system. In seeds four firms, Monsanto (incorporated in Delaware, HQ in Missouri), Dupont (incorporated and HQ in Delaware), Syngenta (incorporated and HQ in Switzerland) and Limagrain, a French-based international co-operative, account for over 50% of global seed sales.
為了更集中，嘉吉，ADM，邦吉在種子和農藥公司已戰略聯盟和合資企業，主導全球糧食系統農業投入的部分，。四家公司，孟山都（在美國特拉華州註冊成立，總部設在密蘇里州），杜邦（註冊及總部設在特拉華州），先正達（註冊成立，總部設在瑞士），利馬格蘭，法國的國際合作，在種子方面佔全球種子銷售 50％以上。
In agrochemicals six firms, DuPont, Monsanto, Syngenta, Dow (incorporated in Delaware, HQ in Michigan), and the two German chemical giants Bayer and BASF, control 75% of the market.
農用化學品六家公司，杜邦，孟山都，先正達，陶氏（在美國特拉華州註冊成立，總部設在密西根州），和兩個德國化工巨頭拜耳和巴斯夫公司，控制75％市場額。
參考資訊:
CME Group
芝加哥期貨交易所
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