Biomimicry: Beaks on trains and
flipper-like turbines
Benyus女士說，除了高通之外，其他許多公司每天基本詢問她的顧問團隊，要求他們過濾篩選我們這個星球豐富歷史漫長的存檔。
She lists just a few examples.
“當然，高速列車，在日本新幹線子彈頭列車 - 前面不是用一般圓形，而是使用看起來像一個翠鳥的鳥喙形狀物，此種鳥從空中到水中，從一種密度到另一種的媒介“她補充道。
Nature possesses infinite patience in developing and perfecting processes”
"So as the train enters a tunnel, it's quieter because there is no pressure wave as with ordinary trains; and it uses 15% less electricity, too."
When Professor Michael Graetzel from the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne inSwitzerland
Plywood made by Columbia Forest Products uses an adhesive called purebond - inspired by adhesives made by blue mussels
PS:
太陽能晶片又稱太陽能電池或光電池[1]，是一種利用太陽光直接發電的光電半導體薄片。它只要被光照到，瞬間就可輸出電壓及電流。在物理學上稱為太陽能光伏(Photovoltaic，photo 光線，voltaics 電力，縮寫為PV)，簡稱光伏。
韋爾奇 女士說：“我敢肯定，所有我們想要解決的問題的答案以某種形式存在於自然界”。
Janine Benyus shares nature's designs
By Katia Moskvitch Technology reporter, BBC News
Butterfly's wings
蝴蝶的翅膀
"There are three types of biomimicry -
one is copying form and shape, another is copying a process, like
photosynthesis in a leaf, and the third is mimicking at an ecosystem's level,
like building a nature-inspired city," says Ms Benyus.
Benyus女士說:“仿生學有三種類型- 一個是複製形式和形狀，另一個是複製像樹葉裡光合作用的過程，第三個是模仿一個生態系統的水平就像建設一個自然啟發靈感的城市”。
Businesses are usually interested in the
first two categories, she adds - and a great example of the shape-based type is
the Mirasol displays produced by a US
Unlike regular screens with backlight or
e-ink, these displays, which are still being developed, create colour by
mimicking the way a butterfly's wings reflect sunlight.
企業通常是對前兩類感興趣，她補充道 – 此基於形塑類型一個很好的例子是美國手機芯片製造商，高通Qualcomm的mirasol顯示屏(電子書/電子墨水/面板)。
不同於常規屏幕背光或電子墨水，這些顯示，仍在開發中，通過模仿蝴蝶翅膀反射太陽光的方式創造顏色。
Researchers mimic humpback whale's flippers
to build turbine blades - but one day there could be biomimetic aeroplane
wings, helicopter blades, ship rudders and propellers
研究人員模仿座頭鯨的鰭狀肢，建立渦輪葉片 - 但有一天，可以建造仿生飛機機翼，直升機的螺旋槳，船舶舵和螺旋槳顯示器播放視頻。
The displays play video just like any other
tablet or smartphone, but have a much longer battery life and
softer-for-the-eyes effect of e-ink readers.
就像任何其他的平板電腦或智能手機，但電池壽命更長和電子墨水閱讀器的效果使眼部柔和。
"The innovation has been inspired by
the same natural principles that enable the reflective shimmer you see from a
butterfly's wings or a peacock's feather," says Cheryl Goodman, senior
marketing director of Qualcomm.
“你可以看見從蝴蝶翅膀或孔雀羽毛反射的微光這是藉由此同一自然法則激發創新靈感，”高通公司高級營銷總監謝麗爾古德曼說：。
Qualcomm's mirasol displays imitate the way
a butterfly's wings shimmer
高通公司的mirasol顯示器是模仿蝴蝶翅膀閃閃發光的方式
She explains that all the displays need for
illumination is ambient light, thus being "both low power and viewable in
a variety of lighting environments, including direct sunlight".
The company says that the products are
pretty much ready and just need some final touches before appearing on the
market - with a number of firms already toying with idea of using them in their
products.
她解釋說，顯示所需要的照明環境光線，可在“低功率和各種照明環境中看到，包括直射陽光”。
該公司表示，該產品幾乎準備就緒，在市場上市只需要最後的潤色- 一些公司已經在他們的產品中試用一些它們的想法。
Trains with beaks
火車與喙
Ms Benyus says that besides Qualcomm, many
other companies call her team of consultants on a daily basis, asking them to
sift through the lengthy archive of our planet's extensive history.
Benyus女士說，除了高通之外，其他許多公司每天基本詢問她的顧問團隊，要求他們過濾篩選我們這個星球豐富歷史漫長的存檔。
She lists just a few examples.
For instance, a Canadian firm Whalepower
mimics humpback whale flippers and uses the principle on wind turbines and
fans, reducing the drag and increasing the lift.
她列出了幾個例子。
例如，一個加拿大公司Whalepower模仿座頭鯨的鰭狀肢將他們運用在風力渦輪機和風扇使用的原則，以減少阻力和增加提升力。
A paint company Lotusan applies the lotus
effect, mimicking the shape of the bump on a lotus leaf.
Lotus leaves are self-cleaning - they have
tiny bumps that help remove the dirt when it rains.
Lodafen uses the principle in architecture
designs - and in Europe , there are more than
350,000 buildings that have this kind of paint.
一家油漆公司Lotusan適用於蓮葉效應，模仿荷葉上的凹凸形狀。
荷葉可自己清潔 -下雨時，他們有微小的顛簸，幫助清除污垢。
Lodafen使用建築設計的原則 - 在歐洲，有超過 35萬的建築物，使用這種油漆。
The design of the high-speed Shinkansen
bullet train in Japan
在日本的高速新幹線子彈頭列車的設計靈感來自於一個翠鳥的喙
"And of course the high-speed train,
Shinkansen bullet train in Japan - instead of having a rounded front, it has
something that looks like a beak of a kingfisher, a bird that goes from air to
water, one of medium to another," she adds.
“當然，高速列車，在日本新幹線子彈頭列車 - 前面不是用一般圓形，而是使用看起來像一個翠鳥的鳥喙形狀物，此種鳥從空中到水中，從一種密度到另一種的媒介“她補充道。
Nature possesses infinite patience in developing and perfecting processes”
Marc Thomas CEO of Dyesol
自然具有無限的耐心，以發展和尋求至善的過程“
自然具有無限的耐心，以發展和尋求至善的過程“
Dyesol公司首席執行官 馬克托馬斯
"So as the train enters a tunnel, it's quieter because there is no pressure wave as with ordinary trains; and it uses 15% less electricity, too."
“所以，當列車進入隧道的時候，因為沒有普通列車的壓力波;及使用少於15％的電力，它可以很安靜。”
Leaves and solar cells
葉子和太陽能電池
She pauses momentarily, and then goes on to
describe in detail a process-based type of biomimicry - solar cells that copy
the natural process of photosynthesis, or creating energy from sunlight, in
leaves.
她停頓片刻，接著詳細描述基於仿生類型的流程-太陽能電池就複製葉片中光合作用的自然過程，或在葉子裡創造來自陽光的能量。
她停頓片刻，接著詳細描述基於仿生類型的流程-太陽能電池就複製葉片中光合作用的自然過程，或在葉子裡創造來自陽光的能量。
When Professor Michael Graetzel from the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne in
當在瑞士的洛桑聯邦理工學院教授Michael Graetzel將其應用於太陽能電池，他贏得了2010年(Millennium)千禧千年獎。
He called his creation a dye-sensitized
solar cell, or DSSC.
The main difference from a traditional
solar cell is that DSSC does not require high-energy consuming silicon, but is
instead made of titanium dioxide, used in white paint and toothpaste.
他稱他的創作為染料感光太陽能電池，或DSSC。
和傳統的太陽能電池的主要區別在於 DSSC的不需要高耗能矽，用二氧化鈦代替，在白色油漆和牙膏中使用。
和傳統的太陽能電池的主要區別在於 DSSC的不需要高耗能矽，用二氧化鈦代替，在白色油漆和牙膏中使用。
Plywood made by Columbia Forest Products uses an adhesive called purebond - inspired by adhesives made by blue mussels
哥倫比亞森林產品的膠合板使用膠粘劑稱為 purebond – 受到藍貽貝膠粘劑的啟發
The dye in cells absorbs light just like
chlorophyll in photosynthesis, releasing an electron that is conducted by the
chemical electrolyte in the cell.
在細胞內的染料吸收光就像葉綠素進行光合作用，釋放出一個在細胞內處理的化學電解質電子。
PS:
太陽能晶片又稱太陽能電池或光電池[1]，是一種利用太陽光直接發電的光電半導體薄片。它只要被光照到，瞬間就可輸出電壓及電流。在物理學上稱為太陽能光伏(Photovoltaic，photo 光線，voltaics 電力，縮寫為PV)，簡稱光伏。
PS:
染料感光太陽電池(Dye-sensitized solar cell，DSSC)是最近被開發出來的一種嶄新的太陽電池。DSsC也被稱為Grätzel cell，因為是在1991年由Grätzel等人發表[4] 的構造和一般光伏特電池不同，其基板通常是玻璃，也可以是透明且可彎曲的聚合箔(polymer
foil)，玻璃上有一層透明導電的氧化物(transparent
conducting oxide，TCO)通常是使用FTO(SnO2:F)，然後長有一層約10微米厚的porous奈米尺寸的TiO2粒子(約10～20 nm)形成一nano-porous薄膜。然後塗上一層染料附著於TiO2的粒子上。通常染料是採用ruthenium polypyridyl
complex。上層的電極除了也是使用玻璃和TCO外，也鍍上一層鉑當電解質反應的催化劑，二層電極間，則注入填滿含有iodide/triiodide電解質。雖然目前DSC電池的最高轉換效率約在12%左右(理論最高29﹪[來源請求])，但是製造過程簡單，所以一般認為降低生產成本會更多，能用更低的成本提供同樣的發電量。(維基資訊)
And while silicon solar cells require
direct sunlight to generate electricity, DSSC uses any light, and works even in
very low light conditions indoors or outdoors, and regardless of the panel's
orientation.
然而矽太陽能電池需要陽光直射發電，DSSC染料敏化可使用任何光線，並可在室內或室外非常低光照條件下，甚至不需注意面板的方向。
當矽太陽能電池的主要區別在於
DSSC的不需要高耗能，但用二氧化鈦代替，此在白色油漆和牙膏中使用。
It can then power a broad range of
electronic devices such as remote controls, wireless keyboards, mobile phones,
e-readers, and much more.
然後，它可以提供更廣泛的電子設備，如遙控器，無線鍵盤，手機，電子閱讀器的電源。
"Nature possesses infinite patience in
developing and perfecting processes, including those to produce energy such
photosynthesis, and by mimicking and adapting [them] we can develop technology
that is useful, low cost and aligns to our fragile environment," says Marc
Thomas, CEO of Dyesol, the company that makes the cells.
Dyesol公司製造太陽能電池，其首席執行官馬克托馬斯說：“自然在發展和改善過程擁有無限的耐心，包括那些生產能源等的光合作用，藉由模仿和適應 [他們]我們可以開發有用的技術，成本低，並調整我們脆弱的環境”。
Colliding birds 鳥類撞擊
Glass is a well-known hazard for birds,
continues Ms Benyus.
Benyus女士繼續說明: 玻璃對鳥類而言是一個眾所周知的危險之源。
On the left is how a bird would see the
glass - which looks absolutely transparent to humans
A US
在左邊是一隻鳥所看到的玻璃 –
而這在人類看起來絕對透明
一個美國玻璃製造商Ornilux決定通過觀察蜘蛛來解決這個問題，。
Certain species of spiders, in particular
the Orb Weaver, have certain ultraviolet-reflective materials in their webs'
silk, to warn birds about the web's presence.
Birds may not see a regular web, but they
spot UV-reflective materials very clearly, thus avoiding destroying the web and
the spider's prey.
某些種類的蜘蛛，特別是園蛛，在自己的蛛絲網絡有一定的紫外線反射材料，警告鳥類有關物種的存在。
鳥類可能看不到一個普通的圓蛛，但他們能很清楚認出 UV反光材料，從而避免破壞蛛網和蜘蛛的獵物。
"It is the reflective and transparent
properties of glass that make it dangerous for birds," says Lisa Welch of
Ornilux.
"Birds do not 'see' the glass, but
instead respond to reflections of sky and vegetation on the glass, seeing a
tree to land on or a flight path to the sky.
玻璃的反射和透明的特性使鳥類發生危險。鳥類看不見玻璃，他看見在玻璃上反射的天空和植被，看到一棵反射的樹而停靠，或反射的天空飛行路徑。
"The way to make glass visible to
birds is to create visual markers on the glass, alerting them to the presence
of a solid object."
Using UV-reflective materials on the glass
was a solution - the window stays transparent to people, but not to birds.
Ornilux的Lisa Welch 說： “這種在玻璃上製作視覺標誌的方式可使鳥類看見玻璃, 提醒他們固體物件的存在，以避免使鳥類危險，。
在玻璃上使用UV反光材料上是一個解決方案 – 對人來說窗口保持透明，而不是對鳥。
A number of buildings around Europe and North America now sport this ingenious glass, possibly
saving many birds' lives.
"I'm sure all of the answers to what
we are wanting to solve exist in some form or another, in nature," says Ms
Welch.
現在一些歐洲和北美的周圍建築物運用這一精巧的玻璃，可能拯救許多鳥類的生命。
"Inherently, nature provides balanced,
symbiotic solutions.
“先天不足，自然平衡，共生的解決方案。
Human beings have demonstrated a terrible
track record of maintaining environmental balance in trying to solve
'problems'”
人類已經證明，在維持環境平衡試圖解決“問題”已經顯示一個可怕的軌跡記錄。“
"So copying nature may just be the way
to go."
“所以複製自然的方式可能是一條可行之路。”
Scientists study insects in order to mimic
their locomotion and build insect-like robots
科學家研究昆蟲以模仿他們的運動，並建立類似昆蟲的機器人
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